Words are referenced in the Hebrew Review portion using the following abbreviations:

• • DO – Direct object of the sentence, or the object to which the verb action is performed. These are marked in green.
  • S – Subject of the sentence that is performing the verb action. These are marked in blue.
  • V – Verb of the sentence, or the action being performed. These are marked in red.

Abbreviations of the words are placed in brackets according to

• • Part of Speech – N = Noun; V = Verb; Part = Participle; Adj = Adjective; Adv = Adverb
  • Person – 1 = First person; 2 = Second person; 3 = Third person
  • Gender – M = Masculine; F = Feminine; C = Common (meaning it can be either)
  • Number – S = Singular; P = Plural
  • Verb Stem Formation – there are seven binyanim, or verb formations, listed below
  • Verb Tense – Perfect (completed); Imperfect (not completed); Imperative; Infinitive; etc.

An example of the abbreviations would like the following:

• • [n.ms.] – This would mean the word is a masculine, singular noun
  • [v.2mp.Qal imperfect] – This would mean the word is a verb conjugated in a second person, masculine, plural form from a Qal (or Pa’al) benyanim form in the imperfect voice or tense
  • [part.3mf.Niphal] – This would mean the word is a participle conjugated in third person, feminine, singular form from a Niphal benyanim form

Binyanim – The seven verb forms in Hebrew

1. 1. Pa’al, also Qal, is the simple aspect of the verb. Qal perfect is equivalent to English past tense, he cut the tree. Qal imperfect is most often equivalent to English present or future tense, he will cut the tree. Another example may be, he wrote a book, or he will write a book, respectively.
   2. Niph’al is the passive form of the Pa’al, the tree was cut. In the second example, the passive form would be the book was written.
   3. Pi’el is the intensified form of a verb. For example, an intense form of cut is to slash, so the Pi’el of the same root word would be he slashed the tree. The second example may be he engraved a stone.
   4. Pu’al is the passive form of Pi’el, the tree was slashed. The second example may be the stone was engraved.
   5. Hiph’il is the causative action of a verb. This means that the subject of the verb is not doing the action, but causing the action to be done, he had the tree cut down, meaning someone else cut it down for him. The second example may be he dictated a book, meaning someone else wrote it for him.
   6. Huph’al is the passive form of Hiph’il. The book was dictated.
   7. Hitpa’el is the reflexive or cooperative form of the verb, meaning it functions as both passive and active. In the second example, a sentence may be he corresponded because he may be writing or receiving letters. It would be hard for a tree to cut itself down, but a sentence could be he cut himself.